Disordered protein-based seeds for molecular clustering

ABSTRACT

A system and method for reversibly controlling clustering of proteins around an engineered multivalent nucleus is disclosed. The system and method utilize clustering, which may be controlled by light activation or deactivation. The system and method enable the spatiotemporal control of protein supramolecular assemblies, including liquid-like droplets under some conditions, and solid-like gels under other conditions. The system and method can be utilized for segregating or locally concentrating desired proteins and/or RNA in cells or cell lysate, which may be useful for protein purification purposes, or for assembling single or multiple membraneless bodies within specific sub-regions of the cells. These synthetically assembled bodies may recruit both transgenic and endogenic proteins and other biomolecules, thus can be linked to affect and even trigger a plethora of cellular processes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/467,362, filed Mar. 6, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. HR0011-17-2-0010 awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cellular function relies on coordinating the thousands of reactions that simultaneously take place within the cell. Cells accomplish this task in large part by spatio-temporally controlling these reactions using diverse intracellular organelles. In addition to classic membrane-bound organelles such as secretory vesicles, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, cells harbor a variety of membrane-less organelles. Most of these are abundant in both RNA and protein, and are referred to as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bodies. Among dozens of examples include nuclear bodies such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, and PML bodies, and cytoplasmic germ granules, stress granules and processing bodies ((Mao et al., 2011), (Anderson and Kedersha, 2009), (Buchan and Parker, 2009), (Handwerger and Gall, 2006)). By impacting a number of RNA processing reactions within cells, these structures appear to play a central role in controlling the overall flow of genetic information, and are also increasingly implicated as crucibles for protein aggregation pathologies ((Li et al., 2013), (Ramaswami et al., 2013)).

From a biophysical standpoint, these structures are remarkable in that they have no enclosing membrane and yet their overall size and shape may be stable over long periods (hours or longer), even while their constituent molecules exhibit dynamic exchange over timescales of tens of seconds (Phair and Misteli, 2000). Moreover, many of these structures have recently been shown to exhibit additional behaviors typical of condensed liquid phases. For example, P granules, nucleoli, and a number of other membrane-less bodies will fuse into a single larger sphere when brought into contact with one another ((Brangwynne et al., 2009), (Brangwynne et al., 2011), (Feric and Brangwynne, 2013)), in addition to wetting surfaces and dripping in response to shear stresses. These observations have led to the hypothesis that membrane-less organelles represent condensed liquid states of RNA and protein that assemble through intracellular phase separation, analogous to the phase transitions of purified proteins long observed in vitro by structural biologists ((Ishimoto and Tanaka, 1977), (Vekilov, 2010)). Consistent with this view, RNP bodies and other membrane-less organelles appear to form in a concentration-dependent manner, as expected for liquid-liquid phase separation ((Brangwynne et al., 2009), (Weber and Brangwynne, 2015), (Nott et al., 2015), (Wippich et al., 2013), (Molliex et al., 2015)). These studies suggest that cells can regulate membrane-less organelle formation by altering proximity to a phase boundary. Movement through such an intracellular phase diagram could be accomplished by tuning concentration or intermolecular affinity, using mechanisms such as posttranslational modification (PTM) and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.

Recent work has begun to elucidate the molecular driving forces and biophysical nature of intracellular phases. Weak multivalent interactions between molecules containing tandem repeat protein domains appear to play a central role ((Li et al., 2012), (Banjade and Rosen, 2014)). A related driving force is the promiscuous interactions (e.g. electrostatic, dipole-dipole) between segments of conformationally heterogeneous proteins, known as intrinsically disordered protein or intrinsically disordered regions (IDP/IDR, which are typically low complexity sequences, LCS). Hereinafter, the terms intrinsically disordered protein, intrinsically disordered region, an intrinsically disordered protein region are used interchangably. RNA binding proteins often contain IDRs with the sequence composition biased toward amino acids including R, G, S, and Y, which comprise sequences that have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for driving condensation into liquid-like protein droplets ((Elbaum-Garfinkle et al., 2015), (Nott et al., 2015), (Lin et al., 2015)). The properties of such in vitro droplets have recently been found to be malleable and time-dependent ((Elbaum-Garfinkle et al., 2015), (Zhang et al., 2015), (Weber and Brangwynne, 2012), (Molliex et al., 2015), (Lin et al., 2015), (Xiang et al., 2015), (Patel et al., 2015)), underscoring the role of IDR/LCSs in both liquid-like physiological assemblies and pathological protein aggregates.

Despite these advances, almost all recent studies rely primarily on in vitro reconstitution, due to a lack of tools for probing protein phase behavior within the living cellular context. However, a growing suite of optogenetic tools have been developed to control protein interactions in living cells. The field has primarily focused on precise control over homo- or hetero-dimerization ((Toettcher et al., 2011), (Kennedy et al., 2010), (Levskaya et al., 2009)). But recent work suggests the potential of optogenetics for studying intracellular phases, demonstrating that light-induced protein clustering can be used to activate cell surface receptors (Bugaj et al., 2013), as well as to trap proteins into inactive complexes ((Lee et al., 2014), (Taslimi et al., 2014)).

Thus, a platform which can be used to dynamically modulate intracellular protein interactions, enabling the spatiotemporal control of phase transitions within living cells is highly desirable. This platform could also be used for various biotechnological applications, including protein purification.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a platform for reversibly and non-reversibly generating liquid droplets, gels, or protein aggregates inside and outside cells by using nucleation cores, which may be controlled by light. In the present invention, systems and methods are provided for a system of protein constructs which may utilize a photo-activatable or photo-deactivatable interaction between protein partners to control she recruitment of intrinsically disordered proteins on self-assembling protein cores (see, e.g., FIG. 4). Light may be used to trigger the assembly or possibly disassembly of an interactive layer, where one of the protein pairs is fused to a full length or truncated low complexity or intrinsically-disordered protein (see, e.g., FIG. 5). In other systems, a self-assembling protein core is fused to a full length or truncated low complexity or intrinsically disordered protein.

Among the many different possibilities contemplated, the self-assembling protein subunit could be a ferritin heavy chain, and the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) can be the N terminal domain of FUS protein. Photo-inducible reversible heterodimerization between the self-assemblying and IDR units could utilize the engineered blue light activatable iLID protein and its cognate partner, sspB. One or both of the protein constructs may be advantageously attached to a fluorescent protein marker. It is contemplated that these protein constructs will be configured such that after being introduced into a living cell, exposing the living cell to certain wavelengths of light will induce molecules within the living cell to cluster or nucleate liquid phases, gels, or aggregates including pathological protein aggregates such as amyloid fibers. In embodiments where photo-activation (or deactivation) is not required, it is contemplated that phase separated clusters would be present in cells independent of the presence or absence of light.

The rapid and reversible clustering capabilities of the platform could be exploited for protein purification applications. For that purpose, a target protein intended for purification is fused through a cleavable protein tag to one of the protein constructs, preferably to the IDR containing construct. Transiently inducing clustering by photo-activation will locally enrich target proteins in separate phases. Exploiting the distinctive physical and chemical properties of these phases, for instance density, enables easy and rapid purification, for instance by droplets sedimentation via centrifugation and supernatant removal. Following a first such purification process, the target protein can be cleavaged out using specific protease, while the remaining cluster forming constructs are to be removed through a similar second purification process. Further, by selecting certain IDRs, the platform may be configured to allow enrichment of proteins other than one bound to the construct having a light activated protein or their cognate partners, allowing purification of target proteins which are not directly linked to one of the constructs.

Further envisioned is the formation of synthetic organelles by directly immobilizing several enzymes around a self-assembling core comprising the second protein construct and/or indirectly recruiting enzymes into the phase separated environment generated by the self-assembling intrinsically-disordered-proteins modified cores. This means of locally concentrating enzymes may also facilitate catalytic turnover for biosynthesis and biodegredation applications. The method may also advantageously control accessibility of a reactant by tuning solubility within an encapsulating liquid phase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate embodiments of a platform.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3 are flowcharts of methods utilizing the platform.

FIGS. 4 and 5 are graphical depiction of the method.

FIG. 6 is a series of images illustrating the recruitment endogenous proteins around cores over time.

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the kinetics and reversibility of the platform.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are images of a cell before and after certain areas of the cell were irradiated.

FIG. 8C is a graph illustrating the concentration capability of the platform.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present invention is described in further detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, a limited number of the exemplary methods and materials are described herein.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

FIGS. 1A and 1B depict generalized embodiments of the disclosed platform. The platform (10) generally comprises two types of protein constructs (12, 14).

The first construct (12) comprises at least one light sensitive receptor component (20) fused to a self-assembling oligomeric protein subunit (30). Optionally, a fluorescent protein tag (25) may be included, either as indicated in FIG. 1 or other locations if desired. (25).

The light sensitive receptor component (20) may comprise one or more similar or different proteins responsive to at least one wavelength of light, preferably a wavelength of light in the near UV, visible or infra-red regions, which are from about 350 nm to about 800 nm. In preferred embodiments, the light sensitive protein is the engineered protein iLID, which consist of a modified LOV2 domain fused at its C terminus to an ssrA peptide. In certain embodiments, the self-assembling protein subunit is fused to two or more LOV2-ssrA proteins. However, other light sensitive proteins may also be utilized, including Cry2, PhyB or a LOV2 domain fused to a signaling peptide other than ssrA. The self-assembling protein subunit (30) can be any protein that self-assembles, including but not limited to ferritin light chains, ferritin heavy chains, glutamine synthetase, and viral capsid structure proteins. One preferred embodiment utilizes ferritin heavy chain subunits, which are capable of self-assembly into a 24 mer complex with a spherical shell structure. Assembled ferritin form deposits of iron-oxide at its internal cavity. By performing certain mutations, such deposits can become ferrimagnetic, thereby making modified ferritin responsive to magnetic field.

The optional fluoroscent tag (25) can comprise any appropriate fluorescent tag, such as mCherry, although the use of other fluorescent proteins is also envisioned, including but not limited to GFP variants.

The second type of construct (14) comprises at least one cognate partner (40) of the light sensitive receptor component (20), fused to a full length or truncated low complexity sequence (LCS) or IDR (60). As shown in FIG. 1B, the second construct (14) may also optionally comprise a cleavage tag (70) or a target protein (80). Optionally, a fluoroscent tag (50) may be included, either as indicated in FIG. 1B (between the cognate partner and the LCS or IDP) or other locations if desired.

The cognate partner (40) is any appropriate cognate of the light sensitive receptor component (20), which may include but is not limited to ssrB, Zdk, CIB, or PIF for LOV2-ssrA, LOV2, Cry2, or PhyB respectively. In preferred embodiments, the second protein construct comprises an IDP (60), which include but not limited to full length or truncated forms of FUS, DDX4, and hnRNPA1. In some embodiments, the IDR comprises amino acids 1-214 of FUS, 1-236 of DDX4, or 186-320 of HNRNPA1. The fluorophore (50) can comprise any appropriate fluorescent tag, such as mCherry, although the use of other fluorescent proteins is also envisioned, including but not limited to GFP variants.

When cleavage tags are utilized, at least one cleavage tag (70) is typically inserted between the functional region and a protein (80) that has been targeted for, e.g., purification. A wide variety of cleavage tags are envisioned, including but not limited to: self-cleaving tags, Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease (3C/PreScission), Enterokinase (EKT), Factor Xa (FXa), Tobacco Etch Virus Protease (TEV), and Thrombin (Thr).

Varients of the two types of constructs (12, 14) can concomitantly be used, for example, to allow multi-wavelength sensitivity or functionalizing core proteins with different IDRs and/or enzymes.

In cases where photo-sensitivity is not necessary, rather than using two constructs to create a photo-activatable or photo-deactivatable systems, a single construct (16) may be utilized. As shown in FIG. 1C, the single construct could comprise a self assembling protein subunit (30) and a full length or truncated low complexity sequence (LCS) or IDR (60). Optionally, the single construct could also include at least one of a flourescent tag (50), a cleavage tag (70), and/or a target protein (80). For example, the single construct (16) could comprise a Ferritin protein fused to the FUS IDR. In this manner, the system could generate a disordered protein-based seed for molecular clustering without requiring photo-activation or -deactivation.

FIG. 2A depicts a flowchart of a method (100) for inducing clusters or nucleation, for the purposes of, e.g., protein purification. FIG. 2B shows the analgous method (101) when utilizing a single non-activatable construct (16). The method generally comprises at least nine steps (six for the single construct). The first step is providing (110) a first and second DNA constructs (12, 14) as described above, where the second construct (14) also encodes a target protein (see, e.g., FIG. 1B, element 80). Alternatively a single light insensitive construct (16) encoding self-assemblying subunit, IDR, and a target protein can be used (see, e.g., FIG. 1C). The DNA constructs (12 and 14 or 16) are introduced (120) into living cells. Cells are grown (122) and protein production is induced until cells reach desirable density. Cells are then lysed (124) and if photo-activatable or -deactivatable constructs are utilized, the lysate is, e.g., centrifuged (126) to remove cell debris. If photo-activatable or -deactivatable constructs are utilized, supernatant is then exposed to at least one wavelength of light (130) that the light sensitive proteins are responsive to, which induces molecules within the living cell to cluster or uncluster. As discussed above, the wavelength of light is predetermined, based on the specific wavelengths to which the light sensitive protein utilized in the constructs is responsive. It is noted that for increasing yield, clustering by photoactivation may be applied prior and during cell lysis step, during which both self-assemblying proteins and target protein constructs are still highly concentrated inside the cells. It is also noted that clustering may also confine additional target proteins or RNA molecules, which are not directly linked to the second protein construct, but help solubilize in the assembled phase and therefore can be purified even in the absence of the cognate partner of the light activatable protein.

The induced clusters may then be separated (131), typically via centrifuge or using a magnetic field, in order to remove, e.g., the unclustered phase. The pellet is resuspended and followed by a cleavage step (132), where the target protein is cleaved from, for example, the IDR (60). If photo-activatable or -deactivatable constructs are utilized, then after cleaving, a second induction step (134) is utilized concomitantly with removing clusters (136) via centrifugation or an applied magnetic field in order to induce clustering of the core construct (12) and the truncated cognate construct, thus leaving the target protein concentrated in the supernatant, which is then able to be collected. If a single construct is used, the second induction step (134) is not utilized, but the clusters are removed (136) following the cleaving step (132).

As shown in FIG. 3, the method (102) can be further modified. For example, to form intracellular synthetic organelles (160) by either directly immobilizing several enzymes of a related biochemical pathway around the self-assembling core comprising the first protein construct (12), and/or by indirectly recruiting such enzymes into the phase separated environment generated by the self-assembling LCS or IDR modified cores. The platform can also facilitate catalytic turnover upon photo-activation by locally concentrating enzymes in specialized biochemically reactive compartments inside or outside cells (170), for instance for intracellular production of biofuels. And the platform can control accessibility of a reactant by tuning solubility within an encapsulating liquid phase comprising the intrinsically-disordered protein. In preferred embodiments, the concentration (170) follows inducing an additional protein—one not bound to the second construct—to cluster.

As these constructs are modular, properties can be varied, including activation/deactivation times, wavelength sensitivity, core size, receptors density on the core, IDR sequences, and reversibility.

FIG. 4 provides a graphical depiction of the method. In the non-activated configuration (210), the core particle can be seen, comprising the self-assembling subunits (212) decorated by, for example, LOV2-ssrA domains (214). The second constructs comprising the cognate partners (216) and the liquid, gel, or aggregate phase forming proteins (e.g., FUS, etc.), remain unbound from the core (210).

In the active state (e.g. upon photoactivation), the buried ssrA peptides become uncaged. Exposed ssrA (214) rapidly bind their cognate sspB partners (216), which are bound to an LCS/IDR, subsequently nucleating a photo-stabilized liquid droplet (220).

The core nucleators may continue to grow (230) by incorporating single molecules, such as additional second constructs (232), or endogenous LCS/IDRs (234, 262) or other proteins not fused to a cognate partner. And as shown in FIG. 5, the nucleators may also continue to grow via addition of single proteins (262), single core particles (264), or coalescence of mature multi-core particles (266).

An example of recruitment of endogenous FUS protein by core based droplets can be seen by utilizing a first construct comprising ferritin fused to two iLID-ssrA domains, and a second construct comprising FUSn fused to mCherry and sspB. In addition, the system utilizes an endogenous full length FUS fused to Cyan Fluorescent Protein (CFP). In this system, as shown in FIG. 6, significant mCherry fluorescence is seen as early as 15 seconds after activation, and CFP fluorescence near the core based droplets starts to appear around that time. As the core droplets grow and coalesce, CFP continues to be recruited, and after 15 minutes of irradiation, significant CFP recruitment can be seen around the cores.

In this example, DNA fragments for human FUS, FUSn (residues 1-214) and human ferritin (heavy chain) were amplified by PCR using HeLa cell's template cDNA. DNA fragments for iLID-ssrA, an engineered protein that is based on Avena Sativa LOV2 domain fused to E. coli ssrA peptide, and E. coli sspB were amplified by PCR (Phusion® high-fidelity DNA polymerase, ThermoFisher Scientific) using PLL7.0:Venus-iLID-Mito (Add gene #60413) and PLL7.0:tgRFPt-SSPB WT (Add gene #60415) respectively. A nuclear localization signal from Gallus gallus ferritoid (18 aa encoding 54 bases) was fused to the N terminus of iLID by sequential PCRs.

pHR:NLS-iLID-GFP-ferritin, pHR:NLS-iLID-iLID-GFP-ferritin, pHR:FUS(1-214)-mCherry-sspB, pHR: mCherry-sspB, pHR:FUS-CFP, pHR: DDX4(1-236)-mCherry-sspB and HNRNPA1(186-320)-mCherry-sspB plasmids were constructed using lenti viral pHR backbone through In-Fusion cloning of multiple inserts (In-Fusion® HD Cloning Plus HD cloning kit, Takara Bio USA).

To produce stable cell lines, lentiviral constructs were transiently transfected with FuGENE® HD transfection reagent (Promega), following the manufacturer's recommended protocol, into HEK293T cells. Viruses were harvested 48 hr after transfection and passed through a 0.45-μm filter to remove cell debris. NIH 3T3 cells plated at ˜30% confluency in 6-well dishes were infected with NLS-iLID-GFP-ferritin or NLS-iLID-iLID-GFP-ferritin containing viruses by adding 1 mL of filtered viral supernatant directly to the cell medium. Viral medium was replaced with normal growth medium 24 hr after infection. A second construct, FUS-mCherry-sspB or mCherry-sspB, was subsequently added to the ferritin expressing cells following two cell passages.

35-mm glass-bottom dishes were coated for 20 min with 0.25 mg/ml fibronectin and then washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS pH 7.4, Thermo). Cells were plated on the fibronectin-coated dish and grown typically overnight in normal growth medium to reach ˜50% confluency. All live cell imaging was performed using 60× oil immersion objective (NA 1.4) on a Nikon Al laser scanning confocal microscope equipped with a stage top incubator (okolab) set to 37° C. and 20% CO₂.

For global activation, cells were irradiated with a 488 nm laser while imaging was conducted using two wavelength (488 nm for GFP-ferritin based constructs and 560 nm for mCherry-sspB based constructs). For executing an activation-deactivation cycle, we typically used a 30-120 s dual wavelength excitation for iLID activation and GFP and mCherry imaging, which was followed by 2-5 min of 560 nm imaging for iLID deactivation. For recruitment assay, iLID was activated simultaneously with FUS-CFP imaging using 450 nm laser excitation, while mCherry was imaged using 513 nm laser excitation.

For local activation, cells were excited by setting the 488 nm laser to scan a confined spherical or line-shape ROIs (0.3-1 μm in diameter/width), while imaging was conducted through the mCherry excitation/readout channel only. Local activation for FRAP experiments was conducted by scanning a ring-shape ROI with 488 nm laser, while bleaching of mCherry was performed at the center pixel of the ring using a 560 nm laser.

FIG. 7 illustrates this platform's kinetics and reversibility. FIG. 7 depicts the standard deviation (Std) of mCherry fluorescence intensity of the IDR-sspB construct over a number of activation and deactivation cycles. Change in Std indicates spacial redistribution of fluorophores from a uniform siffusive state to a nonuniform clustered state. For this, a first construct comprising Ferritin fused to LOV2-ssrA and a second construct comprising FUSn fused to sspB. In this example, droplets were observed after is of activation, and dissembling after less than 1 min with an exponential decay half life of about 11 sec. As indicated in FIG. 6, the Std of Fluorescence indicates rapid kinetics, and a high degree of reversibility. When two or more LOV2-ssrA domains were utilized, however, irreversible droplets were seen after three cycles of activation and deactivation.

FIGS. 8A-C illustrate some of the potential of the droplet's ability to concentrate proteins in a single intracellular cluster. FIG. 8A shows a cell comprising one example of a particular system before being irradiated. This system utilized a first construct comprising Ferritin fused to LOV2-ssrA and a second construct comprising FUSn fused to mCherry and sspB. Rather than irradiating the entire cell, specific small areas of the cell were irradiated, each area approximately 1 micrometer in diameter. FIG. 8B shows the patterned activation of multiple single droplets within the cell, each bright droplet indicating a region where the proteins are concentrated. FIG. 8C shows the mean mCherry intensity over time for the particular system, which is an relative measure of protein concentration. As shown in FIG. 8C, the droplets formed were 100-fold more concentrated than nucleoplasm.

Kits may also be provided to simplify the use of these methods. The kits will generally include plasmids for the two protein constructs (12, 14) or a single construct (16) as described above, as well as at least one light emitting device that can be used to activate or deactivate the light sensitive proteins. Kits may also include a microfabricated device for activation and collection of condensed liquid phases.

Thus, specific devices and systems for nucleated protein clustering have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the disclosure. Moreover, in interpreting the disclosure, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A construct system, comprising: a first construct comprising at least one self-assembling protein subunit fused to at least one light-sensitive receptor protein; and a second construct comprising a cognate partner of the light-sensitive receptor protein fused to a full length or truncated low complexity or intrinsically-disordered protein region.
 2. The construct system according to claim 1, wherein the self-assembling protein subunit is ferritin.
 3. The construct system according to claim 2, wherein the ferritin is a ferritin heavy or light chain.
 4. The construct system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one light-sensitive receptor protein is an engineered protein.
 5. The construct system according to claim 4, wherein the engineered protein is iLID.
 6. The construct system according to claim 4, wherein the self-assembling protein subunit is fused to two iLID proteins.
 7. The construct system according to claim 1, wherein the cognate partner is sspB.
 8. The construct system according to claim 1, wherein the intrinsically-disordered protein region is selected from the group consisting of FUS or FUSn.
 9. The construct system of claim 1, wherein the light-sensitive receptor protein is sensitive to at least one visible wavelength of light.
 10. The construct system according to claim 1, wherein the second construct further comprises a fluorescent tag.
 11. A cell line that expresses the construct system of claim
 1. 12. A construct system, comprising: at least one self-assembling protein fused to a full length or truncated low complexity or intrinsically-disordered protein region.
 13. A cell line that expresses the construct system of claim
 12. 14. A method for inducing clusters or nucleation, comprising the steps of: providing a first protein construct comprising at least one self-assembling protein subunit fused to at least one light-sensitive receptor protein; providing a second protein construct comprising a cognate partner of the at least one light-sensitive receptor protein fused to a full length or truncated intrinsically-disordered protein region and a target protein; producing at least one cell capable of expressing the constructs; and inducing at least one of the formation or dissolution of clusters or nucleation of pathological protein aggregates by exposing the light sensitive protein to at least one predetermined wavelength of light.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the nucleation triggers pathological protein aggregates.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the pathological protein aggregates comprise amyloid fiber formation.
 17. The method according to claim 14, further comprising separating the protein constructs via at least one of a centrifuge or a magnetic field.
 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the second protein construct further comprises a cleavage tag between the target protein and the intrinsically disordered protein region.
 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the cleavage tag is selected from the group consisting of: Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease (3C/PreScission), Enterokinase (EKT), Factor Xa (FXa), Tobacco Etch Virus Protease (TEV), and Thrombin (Thr).
 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the cleavage tag is a self cleaving tag.
 21. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the steps of: cleaving the target protein from the intrinsically-disordered protein region; inducing the formation of clusters around the second protein construct by exposing the light-sensitive receptor protein to at least one predetermined wavelength of light; and separating the clusters via at least one of a centrifuge or magnetic field.
 22. The method according to claim 14, further comprising forming synthetic organelles by at least one of: directly immobilizing at least two types of enzymes around a self-assembling core comprising the first protein construct, or indirectly recruiting enzymes into the phase separated environment generated by the self-assembling intrinsically-disordered-protein-region modified cores.
 23. The method according to claim 14, further comprising inducing an additional protein not fused to second protein construct to cluster.
 24. The method according to claim 23, further comprising facilitating catalytic turnover by locally concentrating enzymes.
 25. The method according to claim 23, further comprising controlling accessibility of a reactant by tuning solubility within an encapsulating liquid phase comprising the intrinsically-disordered protein.
 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein inducing the formation of clusters comprises forming discrete droplets by exposing predetermined discrete portions of the cell containing one or more of the light sensitive proteins to at least one predetermined wavelength of light.
 27. A method for inducing clusters or nucleation, comprising the steps of: providing a protein construct comprising a self-assembling protein subunit and a full length or truncated intrinsically-disordered protein region; producing at least one cell capable of expressing the construct; and inducing at least one of the formation of clusters or nucleation of pathological protein aggregates.
 28. A kit for inducing in vivo liquid-liquid phase separation, comprising: one or more aliquots of composition comprising: a first protein construct comprising at least one self-assembling protein subunit fused to at least one light-sensitive receptor protein; a second protein construct comprising a cognate partner of the light-sensitive receptor protein fused to a full length or truncated intrinsically-disordered protein; and at least one light emitting device configured to activate at least a portion of the first protein construct. 